{"id":33,"date":"2026-05-04T21:43:48","date_gmt":"2026-05-04T21:43:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/?page_id=33"},"modified":"2026-05-07T22:17:25","modified_gmt":"2026-05-07T22:17:25","slug":"interplanetary-exploration-and-space-science","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/creation-of-nasa\/interplanetary-exploration-and-space-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Interplanetary exploration and space science"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the 1960s, NASA started its space science and interplanetary probe program. The Mariner program was its flagship program, launching probes to Venus, Mars, and Mercury in the 1960s.[17][18] The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the inner planets. Despite these successes, Congress was unwilling to fund further interplanetary missions and NASA Administrator James Webb suspended all future interplanetary probes to focus resources on the Apollo program.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Five Hours Of Mind-Blowing Solar System Exploration | BBC Earth Science\" width=\"474\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/u6_wBEdQFf4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following the conclusion of the Apollo program, NASA resumed launching interplanetary probes and expanded its space science program. The first planet tagged for exploration was Venus, sharing many similar characteristics to Earth. First visited by American Mariner 2 spacecraft,[19] Venus was observed to be a hot and inhospitable planet. Follow-on missions included the Pioneer Venus project in the 1970s and Magellan, which performed radar mapping of Venus&#8217; surface in the 1980s and 1990s. Future missions were flybys of Venus, on their way to other destinations in the Solar System.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mars has long been a planet of intense fascination for NASA, being suspected of potentially having harbored life. Mariner 5 was the first NASA spacecraft to flyby Mars,[20] followed by Mariner 6 and Mariner 7. Mariner 9 was the first orbital mission to Mars. Launched in 1975, Viking program consisted of two landings on Mars in 1976. Follow-on missions would not be launched until 1996, with the Mars Global Surveyor orbiter and Mars Pathfinder, deploying the first Mars rover, Sojourner.[21] During the early 2000s, the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter reached the planet and in 2004 the Sprit and Opportunity rovers landed on the Red Planet. This was followed in 2005 by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and 2007 Phoenix Mars lander. The 2012 landing of Curiosity discovered that the radiation levels on Mars were equal to those on the International Space Station (ISS), greatly increasing the possibility of Human exploration, and observed the key chemical ingredients for life to occur. In 2013, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission observed the Martian upper atmosphere and space environment and in 2018, the Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations Geodesy, and Heat Transport (InSight) studied the Martian interior. The 2021 Perseverance rover carried the first extraplanetary aircraft, a helicopter named Ingenuity.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hips.hearstapps.com\/pop.h-cdn.co\/assets\/16\/11\/1024x703\/gallery-1457981426-p-space-imga-75cd7df5-3020-4839-8953-ad1358db2e9a-1024x1024.jpg?resize=640:*\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NASA also launched missions to Mercury in 2004, with the MESSENGER probe demonstrating as the first use of a solar sail.[22] NASA also launched probes to the outer Solar System starting in the 1960s. Pioneer 10 was the first probe to the outer planets, flying by Jupiter, while Pioneer 11 provided the first close up view of the planet. Both probes became the first objects to leave the Solar System. The Voyager program launched in 1977, conducting flybys of Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus on a trajectory to leave the Solar System.[23] The Galileo spacecraft, deployed from the Space Shuttle flight STS-34, was the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on the Europa and observed that the moon may hold ice or liquid water.[24] A joint NASA-European Space Agency-Italian Space Agency mission, Cassini\u2013Huygens, was sent to Saturn&#8217;s moon Titan, which, along with Mars and Europa, are the only celestial bodies in the Solar System suspected of being capable of harboring life.[25] Cassini discovered three new moons of Saturn and the Huygens probe entered Titan&#8217;s atmosphere. The mission discovered evidence of liquid hydrocarbon lakes on Titan and subsurface water oceans on the moon of Enceladus, which could harbor life. Finally launched in 2006, the New Horizons mission was the first spacecraft to visit Pluto and the Kuiper belt.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beyond interplanetary probes, NASA has launched many space telescopes. Launched in the 1960s, the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory were NASA&#8217;s first orbital telescopes,[26] providing ultraviolet, gamma-ray, x-ray, and infrared observations. NASA launched the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s to look down at Earth and observe its interactions with the Sun. The Uhuru satellite was the first dedicated x-ray telescope, mapping 85% of the sky and discovering a large number of black holes.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Hubble Space Telescope in Low Earth Orbit<br>Launched in the 1990s and early 2000s, the Great Observatories program are among NASA&#8217;s most powerful telescopes. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 on STS-31 from the Discovery and could view galaxies 15 billion light years away.[27] A major defect in the telescope&#8217;s mirror could have crippled the program, had NASA not used computer enhancement to compensate for the imperfection and launched five Space Shuttle servicing flights to replace the damaged components. The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was launched from the Atlantis on STS-37 in 1991, discovering a possible source of antimatter at the center of the Milky Way and observing that the majority of gamma-ray bursts occur outside of the Milky Way galaxy. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched from the Columbia on STS-93 in 1999, observing black holes, quasars, supernova, and dark matter. It provided critical observations on the Sagittarius A* black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy and the separation of dark and regular matter during galactic collisions. Finally, the Spitzer Space Telescope is an infrared telescope launched in 2003 from a Delta II rocket. It is in a trailing orbit around the Sun, following the Earth and discovered the existence of brown dwarf stars.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other telescopes, such as the Cosmic Background Explorer and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, provided evidence to support the Big Bang.[28] The James Webb Space Telescope, named after the NASA administrator who lead the Apollo program, is an infrared observatory launched in 2021. The James Webb Space Telescope is a direct successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, intended to observe the formation of the first galaxies.[29] Other space telescopes include the Kepler space telescope, launched in 2009 to identify planets orbiting extrasolar stars that may be Terran and possibly harbor life. The first exoplanet that the Kepler space telescope confirmed was Kepler-22b, orbiting within the habitable zone of its star.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NASA also launched a number of different satellites to study Earth, such as Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) in 1960, which was the first weather satellite.[30] NASA and the US Weather Bureau cooperated on future TIROS and the second generation Nimbus program of weather satellites. It also worked with the Environmental Science Services Administration on a series of weather satellites and the agency launched its experimental Applications Technology Satellites into geosynchronous orbit. NASA&#8217;s first dedicated Earth observation satellite, Landsat, was launched in 1972. This led to NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration jointly developing the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite and discovering Ozone depletion.[4]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During the 1960s, NASA started its space science and interplanetary probe program. The Mariner program was its flagship program, launching probes to Venus, Mars, and Mercury in the 1960s.[17][18] The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the inner planets. Despite these successes, Congress was unwilling &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/creation-of-nasa\/interplanetary-exploration-and-space-science\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Interplanetary exploration and space science<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":20,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-33","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":133,"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33\/revisions\/133"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/infotec10.ghsvids.org\/banaya\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}